Micro Turbines

Micro-turbines--some obstacles

APPLICATIONS

As an easy example future miniature drones must be supplied by miniature energy sources. The best adapted seem to be micro-turbines. However, designing of turbines measuring a few cubic centimetres is a bit chancy. Researchers are looking into flow modification, the design of new geometries, micro-manufacturing and thermal studies.

This combustion chamber only measures 20 mm in diameter and is 2.7 mm thick. Supplied by a hydrogen-air mixture, it produces a power of up to 1200 W.

Imagine drones the size of a bird, capable of flying for hours, of filming scenes and transmitting information. Many engineers are bent on designing such miniature drones, for civilian and military applications. One of the many difficulties is supplying energy to the engines, which must be both powerful and also extremely light. Batteries are too heavy and have too little independence for these micro-drones with wingspans of 15 centimetres and similar length, weighing around a hundred grams. As far as fuel cells are concerned, these do no yet exist in the range of power under research. That leaves gas turbines remain, which could provide ten times more energy than a battery with the same mass.

A turbine transforms energy from fuel into rotational motion, either to directly supply a propeller, or to produce electricity. "Our goal is to make a micro-gas-turbine, for future micro-drones", says Joël Guidez. These micro-turbines will supply the electric motor driving the drone wings, as well as the electrical equipment, such as transducers, and even a small camera. However, to miniaturize a turbine, it is not enough to reduce the dimensions of each component. The flows do not occur in the same way at very small scales, for example in the combustion chambers of these micro-turbines, which only measure a few hundred cubic millimetres. The flows are much less turbulent, and gases thus mix with greater difficulty. This is not desirable for a combustion chamber, where the fuel must mix with air! It is thus necessary to create structures that favour the mixture of the gases within the combustion chamber. "We design circulation areas leading hot gases toward cool gases", explains Joël Guidez. This allows the combustion to be maintained, otherwise it would be extinguished. The elsA aerodynamic simulation code allows the characteristics to be optimized by revealing details of the flows between the vanes. Meanwhile, these microscopic structures can not be too complex, or it may not be possible to manufacture them. The first chamber constructed had a quite simple geometry: It was a cylinder with a 20 millimetre diameter, 2.7 mm tall, having a tube in its centre off which the gas bounces. It is thus sent around the periphery of the chamber, where it mixes with the gases present. This chamber serves above all to test the manufacturing and measuring methods of ONERA's laboratory. The manufacture of a second, more complex and better performing chamber is underway. To speak of small volume combustion chambers is to speak of great thermal losses. Indeed, small objects have a greater surface in relation to their volume compared to large objects, which generates more thermal losses. This is both an advantage and a disadvantage. On one hand, it prevents the walls from overheating and melting, but on the other, it may extinguish the combustion if too significant. It is thus necessary to design chambers for which the losses are just at the right level. The micro-combustion-chamber and its experimental enclosure. The aerothermal simulation code Cedre allows the 3D combustion to be reproduced and to better understand the phenomena in play. Current experiments are being carried out using hydrogen as fuel for several reasons. Since it is very light, it diffuses easily. Additionally, its chemical reaction time (the necessary time for the combustion chemical reaction to take place) is 50 microseconds, ten times shorter than that of the hydrocarbons that are usually used. Also, in a micro-combustion-chamber, the time it takes the gases to cross the combustion chamber is very brief. The more the dimensions of the chamber are reduced, the more this time is reduced. However, it must remain as five times greater than the chemical reaction time, without which combustion would be poor. On the other hand, a hydrocarbon is easier to store than hydrogen. Near future studies shall therefore be directed towards the hydrocarbon combustion stability within these very small chambers. Which materials will be used to make these micro-turbines? The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is endeavouring to manufacture a turbine entirely from silicon, in order to benefit from the silicon etching technologies of micro-electronics to create channels which will allow the gases to mix. ONERA prefers to manufacture micro-turbines made up of several materials. Micro-turbine rotating parts etched on silicon (SilMach). Finally, let us not forget the rest of the gas turbine, specifically the rotating parts. The turbine vanes can be made to spin at a very great speed, up to a million revolutions per minute. The manufacture of 8mm turbine vanes can prove to be complex. Silicon etching may be a solution, unless micro-machining techniques are favoured. "This manufacture will require all sorts of specific technologies", says Joël Guidez. But the crucial question is that of the bearings and stops, which hold the turbine shaft. In the usual turbines, ball bearings serve this purpose. Here, hydrodynamic bearings would be used: the gas flows sustain the rotating parts without these touching the fixed parts. Micro-drones are not the only potential applications of micro-turbines, which combine a high rated power and a very small size. The power supply for portable devices could also benefit from this, for example, to equip the future infantryman, transporting increasingly more electronic equipment. Nevertheless, the extremely hot gases must be evacuated.  TECHHNOLOGY Mesoscale and Microscale Combustion / Reaction system Motivation Recently, there are the increasing demands on the developments of microdevices such as microsatellites, microaerial vehicles, micro reactors, and micro power generators. This project is first motivated by the development of small power generators with internal combustion and reaction for the replacement of traditional batteries. Small power generator has many advantages over batteries in that it has high energy density, it is light weight and portable, environmentally superior and inexpensive. Another example of microscale combustion /reaction system is micro fuel converter which has much higher conversion efficiency and can be used in poisonous gas disposal. Moreover, micro-chemical propulsion system developed for small spacecrafts can be used for primary thrust, orbit insertion, trajectory-control, and attitude control. Fig. 1 Fuel cell powered notebook developed by NEC Fig. 2 Millimeter scale internal combustion engines developed by Cambridge Combustion Research Centre and the Centre for Micro-Engineering and Nanotechnology at the University of Birmingham. Fig. 3 Thruster Cluster from EADS Space Transportation Mesoscale Flame Dynamics In mesoscale combustion (length scale ~ quenching diameter), the increase of larger surface to volume ratio dramatically increases the wall heat loss and leads to flame extinction. On the other hand, the reduction of thermal inertia at small scale significantly reduces the response time of the wall and leads to strong wall flame coupling and extended burning limits. This flame-wall coupling can dramatically change the nature of flame propagation and yield different flame regimes. The flame bifurcation and the transition of flame regimes are dramatically affected by the channel width and flow velocity. In fact, all practical combustors have variable channel width in the flow direction. As a result, the simultaneous changes of channel width and flow rate will significantly modify the heat loss and flame-wall coupling. Therefore, it is of great interest to understand how the variation of channel width will affect the flame propagation and flame transition. Heat recirculation mechanism (Fig. 4): Part of the heat loss from the flame to the wall can be pumped back to the preheat zone through wall heat conduction to preheat the premixture. As the scale goes down, this thermal feedback effect becomes significant and the flammability limit can be widely extended. New flame stabilization mechanism and instability phenomena can exist as well due to this flame-wall interaction. Fig. 4 Schematic of heat recirculation mechanism Fig. 5 Experimental setup to study the flame dynamics in a mesoscale quartz tube. Fig. 5 shows the experimental setup to study the flame dynamics in a mesoscale channel. Due to the strong thermal coupling between the flame and the wall, different flame dynamics and flame regimes have been observed. Fig. 6 shows the spinning flame was observed inside a mesoscale diverging quartz tube for both methane and propane at equivalence ratio ranged from lean to rich. The spinning frequency ranges from 10 HZ to 70 HZ, highly depending on the equivalence ratio. The spinning flame is a result of wall-flame thermal coupling effect.Slow flames and fast flames coexist in a mesoscale straight quartz tube. A pulsating flame is also observed (Fig. 7). Both theory and experimental result show that there exist new bifurcations and new flame regimes in mesoscale combustion. The flammability limit can be extended due to the heat recirculation effect. Development of Micro Thruster Based on the understanding of flame dynamics in mesoscale combustion, a preliminary version of micro thruster is developed and the schematic of design is shown in Fig. 10. Both the liquid fuel and oxidizer are issued into the main combustor through the two outer shells to minimize heat loss and maximize the heat recirculation effect. The liquid fuel is heated up by the wall and vaporized before goes through the porous quartz. A pressurized millimeter scale catalytic tube is injected into the main combustor to supply constant radical pool to stabilize the combustion. The exit of the catalytic tube is chocked to generate high speed jet to enhance the mixing. Fig. 10 Schematic of  the micro thruster design Fig. 11 Picture of the micro  thruster Fig. 12 shows a testing case with liquid ethanol and air running in the main combustor and butene/air mixture running in the catalytic tube. Fig. 12 Test conditions (1 atm); Main combustor: ethanol + air; Catalytic tube: butene + air

Turkiye’s Oil Potential: Onshore and Offshore

by  OGIB RESEARCH TEAM on JANUARY 22, 2013

On the surface, Turkey has everything going for it in oil and gas. Onshore, it’s under-explored with one of the top international shale plays—the Dadas Shale—about to get tested for the first time with new technology.

Offshore there is talk of a Black Sea bonanza.  The country has good governance, full-package infrastructure, easy access to markets and attractive fiscal terms.

But under the surface—in the ground, where it counts—there has yet to be a big discovery to ignite the country’s energy sector, and the share prices of the Canadian and American juniors active there.

BACKGROUND—Big Oil is All Around Turkey

Turkey’s oil production doesn’t tell much of a story. Production is less than 70,000 boe/d, and Turkey imports 90% of its oil and natural gas needs.

Nor is Turkey about proven reserves: It only has about 270 million barrels of proven oil reserves and 218 billion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, so it isn’t exactly Iraq—which borders Turkey to the southeast.

Turkey is about close-ology and a recently renewed interest by the majors in the tight oil, or shale oil—the “unconventional” stuff.

In terms of close-ology, there is:

1.     To the North—Black Sea potential.
2.     To the South—27 billion barrel onshore finds like Iraq’s Kirkuk field.
3.     To the East—Azerbaijani oil fields.
4.     To the West—well, this just gets silly.  Look at this list:

a.     22+ billion barrels of oil in Greek waters in the Ionian Sea.
b.     4 billion barrels in the Greek waters of the northern Aegean Sea.
c.     An estimated 7 billion cubic feet of natural gas in one well offshore the Greek-held part of Cyprus discovered late last year.
d.     33+ trillion cubic feet of gas discovered in nearby Israeli waters.

And Turkey knows how to lure investors. It offers foreign oil companies a flat 12.5% royalty tax and a 20% corporate tax rate.

Countries compete for private industry exploration dollars, and one key advantage Turkey has over competing nations—like those in the South American countries where a lot of juniors spend money—is speed in the bureaucracy.

“Approval processes are clear and rapid,” Patrick McGrath, Chief Financial Officer for Anatolia Energy Corp., told OGIB.  Anatolia is exploring for the Dadas shale in southern Turkey.

Turkey has a web of pipelines, refineries and export terminals. Here, there is no question of refinery difficulty or getting product to market.

For pipelines, there is:

• The Blue Stream system transporting Russian natural gas to Turkey under the Black Sea.
• The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (the longest), which transits oil from Azerbaijan.
• Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipeline (the largest), which transits oil from northern Iraq.
• The planned Samsun-Ceyhan crude oil pipeline which will run from Turkey’s Black Sea province of Samsun to the Turkish Mediterranean hub at Ceyhan.

Six operating refineries can produce 714,275 bpd—yet there’s only 58,000 bopd of internal production.  The southwestern port at Ceyhan is becoming a major regional energy hub, with several new refineries already permitted.Combine this with the most favorable financial terms in the region and the infrastructure to get oil to market, and  Turkey should be an energy hotspot.  It just needs a big discovery.  The majors are working offshore, and majors and juniors are working onshore.OFFSHORE POTENTIAL—To the North AND to the South

State-owned Turkish Petroleum Company (TPAO) estimates there are up to 10 billion barrels recoverable in the Black Sea.

Turkey’s offshore hopes have been hit as BP’s Black Sea exploration failed to find any oil reserves in the marine regions off the northern Turkish coastline, though exploration continues. In late 2010, Chevron temporarily withdrew and a year later Exxon packed up in two areas after exploration yielded no finds.

But offshore exploration potential to the west remains attractive because of its geography: It adjoins Israeli, Cypriot and Greek waters where massive finds ALSO include:

• 232+ million barrels of oil and another 1.8 trillion cubic feet of gas discovered off Tel Aviv in March
• Turkey has also started exploratory drilling for onshore oil and gas in the Turkish north of Cyprus

This has also created some geopolitical tectonics.

Turkey has threatened war if Greece drills any further into the Aegean. And a deal struck between Israel and Greek Cyprus has Turkey worried that it will never benefit from its “share” of Cypriot gas. The Turks invaded Cyprus in 1974 and the island has since been split between the Greek zone (two-thirds) and the Turkish zone.

In early November, the Turkish authorities warned foreign oil and gas companies that they would be banned from participating in new oil and gas projects in Turkey if they cooperated with Greek Cypriot offshore drilling plans. This is a direct response to the Greek Cypriots awarding four Mediterranean Sea gas concessions.

The problem here is that the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus—and Turkey proper—claim the same rights to these concessions. Everyone is eyeing this Aphrodite field greedily as it sits next to Israeli waters that hold gross mean gas resources of more than 33 trillion cubic feet.

Turkey warned military action last year, but Greek-held Cyprus is supported by the United Nations, and the Turkish-held part is not recognized internationally.

- Jen Alic, guest editor

PS: With one of the top shale oil prospects in the world, Turkey’s potential is as big as the Barnett Shale in Texas. Geologically it’s just like the Woodford shale in Oklahoma.

Top 10 oil&gas companies 2014

Las 10 petroleras más grandes del mundo

De las 10 empresas más grandes del mundo, por su volumen de ingresos, ocho son petroleras o están directamente vinculadas al sector de crudo o gas, según la revista Fortune.  

Sólo tres compañías en el planeta facturan más de 400 mil millones de dólares (mdd) por año. Una de ellas es Wal Mart y las dos restantes sonExxon Mobil y Royal Dutch Shell, ambas petroleras. Así, podemos darnos cuenta de la importancia económica que tienen estas empresas.

En verano de 2012 la revista Forbes elaboró un ranking de las 10 empresas petroleras más grandes del mundo, en función de su producción combinada diaria de petróleo y gas.  Pemex se encuentra en el puesto número ocho, pero ¿sabes cuáles son las petroleras más importantes? 

1-Aramco

La empresa es propiedad de la Familia Real de Arabia Saudita. Su producción diaria suma 12.5 millones de barriles de petróleo (mbp), lo que la convierte en la petrolera más grande del mundo. Su facturación supera los mil mdd al día  y su yacimiento petrolífero más extenso es Ghawar, del que extrae cinco mbp por día, según cálculos de la empresa de análisis y consultoría Wood Mackenzie (WM).

2-Gazprom

La paraestatal de Rusia, Gazprom, es la primera empresa del mundo en producción de gas natural. Su administración depende directamente delKremlin y sus ganancias anuales superan los 40 mil mdd. La empresa se ha erigido como el principal proveedor de gas natural en toda Europa y su capacidad le permite extraer 9.7 mbp al día, según WM.

No obstante, Lukoil y Rosneft son dos empresas de energía rusas que también se encuentran entre las primeras 20 empresas petroleras o de gas más importantes del mundo, aunque en el caso de la primera es de propiedad privada, la segunda es controlada por el Gobierno.

3-National Iranian Oil Co.

La empresa pública de petróleo de Irán extrae cada día 6.4 mbp. Turquía y la India se encuentran entre los mayores consumidores de crudo iraní, junto con varios países europeos. La mayoría del petróleo producido por la National Iranian Oil Co. es exportado a través del estrecho de Ormuz, por donde pasa 20% de todo el petróleo consumido en el mundo.

Irán es el cuarto país exportador de petróleo, con cerca del 5% de cuota de mercado a nivel global, sólo por detrás de Arabia Saudita, Rusia y Estados Unidos.

4-Exxon Mobil.

La empresa norteamericana reportó durante el último año ganancias por valor de 40 mil mdd, aunque su volumen de ventas es de 400 mil mdd, aproximadamente. Exxon extrae 5.3 mbp por día y tiene proyectos de exploración y explotación conjuntos con algunas de las principales empresas del sector, entre ellas la rusa Lukoil.

5-PetroChina

El Estado chino controla a este gigante petrolero, así como a Sincopec y CNOOC, tres de las más grandes empresas de energía en el gigante asiático. En la actualidad, la producción de PetroChina supera los 4.4 mbp por día. Sin embargo, expertos aseguran que su capacidad crecerá hasta rivalizar con la rusa Gazprom, debido al potencial de reservas de shale gas (gas de esquisto) que se augura para los suelos chinos.

Aún así, China ha pasado de ser un exportador de crudo a importarlo, cuando en la década de los 90 su demanda comenzó a superar a su producción.

6-BP

British Petroleum es una las empresas petroleras más antiguas en el mundo. Fue fundada en 1909 por empresarios británicos tras su interés en el crudo iraní. Originalmente se denominaba la Anglo- Persian Oil Company. A la fecha, extrae 4.1 mdp por día y tiene presencia en más de 80 países, aunque sus oficinas centrales se ubican en Londres.  La empresa cotiza en el mercado bursátil FTSE 100 Index, de Inglaterra, y tiene un valor de mercado de 81 mil millones de libras esterlinas.  Su facturación en 2011 alcanzó 386 mil mdd y su ingreso neto alcanzó los 25 mil mdd, según cifras oficiales de la empresa.

7-Royal Dutch Shell

La anglo-holandesa, caracterizada por sus colores rojo con amarillo, tiene su sede central en La Haya,Holanda y produce 3.9 mbp por día. Por su nivel de facturación, Shell era la segunda empresa más grande del mundo, pues supera los 470 mil mdd, según cifras oficiales del 4T de 2011. Aunque, según CNN Money, ya ocupa el primer puesto del ranking mundial, por encima de Wal Mart. Su beneficio neto en el último ejercicio superó los 30 mil mdd y emplea a más de 90 mil personas en todo el mundo.

8-Pemex

La empresa paraestatal mexicana se posiciona en el octavo lugar del ranking gracias a una producción estimada en más de 3 mbp por día. El yacimiento más importante por producción de Petróleos Mexicanos sigue siendo Cantarell, en el Estado de Campeche.

Sin embargo, tras un nuevo hallazgo en el Golfo de México, la producción de la empresa podría aumentar, así como su porcentaje de reservas probadas, que en la actualidad supera el 100%. Su facturación se ubica por encima de los 100 mil mdd, emplea a cerca de 140 mil personas y es el principal contribuyente de impuestos del Gobierno Federal, con cerca de un tercio del total recaudado. Pemex es la segunda empresa más grande del mundo que no cotiza en un mercado bursátil.

9-Chevron

Tras la adquisición de Atlas Petroleum por valor de cuatro mil 300 mdd en 2010, la empresa deCalifornia Chevron entró en el ranking de las 10 petroleras más importantes del mundo, según Forbes. La compañía produce 3.5 mbp por día. Su facturación superó los 253 mil mdd en 2011, según datos oficiales, y sus ingresos netos se acercaron a los 27 mil mdd. La compañía norteamericana emplea a 62 mil trabajadores y es una de las petroleras más jóvenes. Fue fundada en 1984, aunque su predecesora, la Pacific Coast Oil Company encontró el yacimiento de Pico Canyon, al norte de Los Ángeles en 1879 y, posteriormente, una concesión para buscar crudo en Arabia Saudita llevó a los petroleros de california al descubrimiento de Ghawar, el yacimiento petrolero más extenso del país árabe.  

10-Kuwait Petroleum Corporation

Con una capacidad de extracción de 3.2 mbp, la empresa kuwaití nacionalizada en 1975 por el Gobierno de ese país, es la número 10 del ranking. Esta compañía fue originalmente fundada en 1934 por las empresas antecesoras de Chevron y BP. En 1990, la ocupación iraquí de sus campos petroleros desató la primera Guerra del Golfo Pérsico. A través de su subsidiria Q8, la compañía tiene operaciones en varios países de Europa, en particular Holanda, Bélgica y escandinavia.  

Cabe destacar que de las 10 primeras empresas de la lista, seis son de propiedad pública, mientras que sólo cuatro son privadas.

Türkiye'nin 2013 Aralık itibariyle durumu

YAZI
bölüm-1 Ekonomi-Finans Ekseninde


""Bireyleri ve işletmeleri oluşturan toplumların ekonomik olarak davranış
biçimlerine baktığımız zaman, bu toplama bir de toplum adına vatandaşlarından
para toplayan ve bu parayı devlet mekanizmasını sürdürebilmek için ücret
ödemek ve toplum yararına yatırım harcamaları yapmak üzere harcayan devleti
de katmak gerekiyor. Yukarıda anlatmaya çalıştığımız döngüyü milletler için
açıklarsak, bir ülkenin de gelişmesi, büyümesi, gelirinin artması, dolayısı ile
vatandaşlarının refahının artması için yatırımların yapılması şart.
yatırımların kaynağı ise ülkedeki tasarruflar. Ülke ölçeğinde bakıldığında
ülkedeki yaratılan gelirin tüketilen miktarından arta kalan kısmına tasarruflar
diyoruz. Bir başka ifadeyle, bir ülkenin gelirinden yapılan tüketim ne kadar
fazlaysa ve yatırımların verimliliği ne kadar düşükse tasarruf edilen miktar o
kadar azalıyor. İlk sıkıntılı bulgumuzu belirtelim: Türkiye’nin tasarruf miktarı
korkutucu biçimde düşüş gösteriyor. Tüketimin payı %80’leri geçmiş durumda.
Öte yandan buna bağlı olarak ‘tasarruf eksi yatırım’ olarak açıkladığımız tasarruf
açığımız ise giderek büyüyor. Doğal olarak bu açık bizim yurt dışından
kullandığımız başka ülkelerin tasarrufları ve cari açığımıza eşit. Başka ülkelerin
tasarruf sahipleri bize borç vererek ya da doğrudan sermaye şeklinde yatırım
yaparak kaynak sağlıyorlar. İkinci korkutucu olgu birincisine bağlı olarak
gelişiyor. GSMH’mizin % 8’lerine varan cari açığımızın neredeyse % 70’i en riskli
kaynak olan kısa vadeli borçlarla finanse ediliyor ve riski çok düşük olan
doğrudan yabancı yatırımların payı giderek düşüyor. Gelelim işin en sıkıntılı ve
üzücü tarafına! Bütün bunlar olurken ülkemizin büyüme oranları da çok düşük
seyrediyor. Bir diğer bulgu da, özel sektör yatırım oranları sürekli düşüş
gösteriyor. Başka bir deyişle, daha çok tüketim yapıyoruz, yatırımlarımızın hem
verimliliği hem miktarı düşük seyrediyor, dolayısıyla giderek daha fazla açık
veriyoruz ve bu açığı da giderek daha fazla kısa vadeli borçlarla finanse ediyoruz.
Üstelik bütün bu gelişmeler ülkemizin büyüme hızına ve yatırımlarına halel
gelmesin diye faiz oranlarının merkez bankası tarafından çok düşük ve hatta
negatif düzeylerde tutulduğu, yani sermaye maliyetlerinin çok düştüğü
dönemlerde oluyor. Enflasyon ise beklenenin üzerinde seyrediyor ve yönünü
aşağıya doğru bir türlü çeviremiyor. Azalan özel sektör yatırım harcamalarının
olumsuz etkisini telafi etmek isteyen devlet yatırım harcamalarının büyümeye
verdiği katkıyla avunurken, dolaylı vergilerle bütçemizi kurtarıyor. Bu adaletsiz
vergilendirmenin yükünü tüm vatandaşlara yükleme çaresizliğinden
kurtulamıyoruz.
Bu gelişmeleri üzerine yazarşunu der: Sorun tasarruflardan kaynaklandığına göre
tasarrufları özendirecek ortamın hızla yaratılmaya geçilmesi (faiz politikasının
yeniden değerlendirilmesi) ve ülkemizdeki yatırımların verimliliği daha yüksek
alanlara kaydırılması işin başlangıç noktası gibi gözüküyor (inşaatla büyüme ve
çok pahalı projelere kaynak aktarma stratejileri yeniden değerlendirilebilir). İç
taleple büyümenin sınırlarına gelen ülkemizin yönünü, daha az tüketip daha
fazla tasarruf ederek ülke riskini düşürmek suretiyle daha fazla doğrudan
yabancı sermaye ve uzun vadeli finansman sağlayarak değiştirebilirsek, hepimiz
daha yüksek sürdürülebilir büyüme oranlarını yakalayan ülkenin daha çok gelir
yaratan bireyleri olabileceğiz. ""



TURA
bölüm-2 Enerji ihtiyacı ve politikası ekseninde

Dünya Enerji görünümü 2013 fuarından bir alıntıdır :

""Türkiye bir enerji adası değil: Aksine, dünyadaki enerji alanındaki gelişmelerin kendisini dikte ettiği bir ülke” diyerek başlıyor, bu nedenle de, “enerji alanındaki küresel değişimleri iyi izlemeli.”
Sekiz önemli değişimden söz edebiliriz:
Birincisi, önemli enerji aktörlerin roller değişiyor. Enerji ithalatçısı Amerika, 2015’te, çok önemli bir doğalgaz ihracatçısı; Brezilya da 6. büyük petrol ihracatçısı oluyor;
İkincisi, önemli ihracatçı Ortadoğu ülkeleri, aynı zamanda da önemli enerji tüketicileri konumuna geliyorlar;
Üçüncüsü, Doğu’dan Batı’ya doğru Küresel Enerji Kayması hızlanıyor.Çin, Hindistan, Rusya, Ortadoğu, gelişmiş OECD ülkelerinden daha fazla enerji tüketiyorlar. Enerjiye talebinin 2/3’ü Asya’dan gelecek;
Dördüncüsü, Karbondioksit Emisyonları-Küresel İklim Değişikliği Sorunu’nda enerjinin oynadığı olumsuz rol, emisyonun 2/3’ünü yaratma devam ediyor. Enerji alanının meşruiyet sorunu azalmıyor;
Beşincisi, gaz, kömür ve petrolün enerji taleplerini karşılamadaki birinci sıra konumu devam ediyor. Devlet bakanı TR'de kömür üretimini artırmak istediklerini söylüyordu.
Altıncısı, Amerika’nın kayagazından elde ettiği gaz ve petrol ülke içi tüketim için kullanılıyor. Bu, aynı zamanda da, Ortadoğu bölgesinin petroldeki öneminin devam edeceği, petrol fiyatlarının düşmeyeceği anlamına da geliyor;
Yedincisi, yenilenebilir enerji alanında artış var, ama, yeterli değil; bu alanın istenilen düzeyde gelişmesi için, devlet desteği ve katkısı çok önemli ve;
Sekizincisi, dünya nüfusunun 1/5’inin elektriği yok, fakat, bununla birlikte, özellikle Ortadoğu bölgesi olmak üzere, elektrik için ciddi düzeyde büyüyen talep var.
Enerji alanında taşlar yer değiştiriyor.      
Enerji adası değil, fakat bağımlısı olan Türkiye için, ekonomiden dış politikaya kadar, enerji, giderek kilit konuma yükseliyor.""

A Hybrid Power Plant Takes Shape in Turkey

http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/07/a-hybrid-power-plant-takes-shape-in-turkey/?smid=tw-nytimes&seid=auto

Close future of Energy via Fuel Cell/Hydrogen Technology

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The growth of the renewable and sustainable energy sectors will be a key feature of the coming years. However, the global economy is still a fossil fuel based economy.

It is vital to move to a more diverse energy mix while making the best and cleanest use of existing fuels.

Energy diversification
In a climate of declining supply, booming global demand and politically volatility, a more versatile alternative to energy supply and security has many advantages. Hydrogen offers the potential to decouple the geopolitics of fuel supply from growing energy demand. It can also play a key role in reducing our reliance on diminished supplies of fossil fuels, as hydrogen can be produced from a diverse range of sources. These include conventional hydrocarbons, biofuels, and as a byproduct of the chemical industry. Hydrogen can also be produced cleanly from the electrolysis of water using electricity from renewable or nuclear sources. In short, hydrogen can help to ensure that supply diversity is energy security.

Intelligent Energy is developing a range of clean fuel processing technologies to be key transition assets in the move to a more diverse range of energy sources, which can co-exist alongside hydrocarbons for the provision of energy in the 21st century.

Distributed generation of hydrogen
Producing hydrogen from a range of fuels on-site, where it is required for refuelling or power provision has the advantage of allowing energy suppliers to make maximum use of their existing fuelling infrastructures. They are able to offer hydrogen to their customers without the need for the high capital expenditure associated with central generation and pipeline construction costs.
This removes the need for the high capital expenditure associated with central generation and pipeline construction costs. Rather than replacing petrol stations with hydrogen refueling stations, or constructing thousands of miles of hydrogen conveyor pipelines, hydrogen will be generated at the point of dispensation from an existing fuel, such as diesel, natural gas or bio-fuel, using small reformer based hydrogen generators.

Distributed power generation & portable power



""Intelligent Energy has developed fuel processing, hydrogen generation and fuel cell power systems for a diverse range of distributed and portable applications.

Power demand is inextricably linked with increased economic activity. Meeting the global challenge of reducing CO2 emissions requires a shift to cleaner and more efficient power generating technologies across all sectors. For example, up to 65% of the fuel used by large power generating plants is wasted due to a combination of inefficient energy conversion and power-line losses.
Today, the power sector is responsible for 40% of global CO2 emissions, with electricity demand predicted to more than double by 2050. It is also estimated that $22 trillion of cumulative investment will be required in new plant and grid infrastructure to meet global demand for electricity by 2030.

Distributed generation (DG) is defined as electricity production that is on-site or close to the point of use. DG uses small-scale power generation technologies, typically in the range 1kW to 10,000kWs. The advantages of DG lie in the fact that transmission losses are avoided as is large capital expense, the power generated is targeted at the user and system size can be closely matched to the particular power requirement.

Here is the Ballard energy's spesific example of electricity production through H2 by product from existing Chlor Alkali plant.
There are fuel cell models 1 MW - 7 MW depending on the needs and H2 feed amount.





When used in DG applications, and particularly in CHP (combined heat and power) mode, fuel cells have the potential to save energy and reduce emissions. They could also, as hydrogen can be produced from a wide range of sources, help address energy shortage issues through energy diversity. In addition, fuel cells either are or have the potential to be quieter, more reliable, and have lower maintenance costs than most technologies used for DG.



fuel flexible hydrogen generators for distributed generation and portable power applications are designed to convert both existing fossil fuels and bio-fuels into hydrogen at the point of use. Hydrogen generated where it is required minimizes new infrastructure cost by maximizing the use of existing fuel supply infrastructure assets.

oday there are over 800 million vehicles in the world, with the number expected to reach two billion by 2050. The transportation sector accounts for 19% of global CO2 emissions and is the fastest growing contributor to man-made atmospheric CO2 . In addition it also responsible for much of the poor air quality now seen in many of the world’s population centres.

There is a clear need for a cleaner, practical alternative to the internal combustion engine to power our vehicles, and the alternative, according the vast majority of the worlds major automakers will be the PEM fuel cell. PEM fuel cells in a hybrid electric configuration are viewed as a highly efficient powertrain offering practical driving ranges, with much reduced overall emissions and producing no harmful emissions whatsoever at the tail-pipe.



Fuel cell technology in the motive power market


Intelligent Energy fuel cell power systems designed for a wide range of motive power applications, providing propulsion, battery charging or on-board auxiliary power. Our partners in the motive field include PSA Peugeot Citroën,Prodrive, Bosch, Lotus, TRW, LTI and The Suzuki Motor Corporation.

Fuel cells are power dense, robust and capable of operation in a wide range of environmental temperatures. They have been designed with mass manufacturability as a priority, use practical and economical fabrication materials and utilise proprietary designs that reduce system size and component count to a minimum.

Our systems have been designed with automotive cold start and operation particularly in mind and our EC systems are presently capable of reaching full power at -20oC in less than two minutes.

ENV

Intelligent Energy developed the multi award winning ENV, the world’s first purpose built hydrogen fuel cell motorbike. The ENV is fueled by pure hydrogen and the only emission it produces is pure water. It can be refilled with hydrogen in less than 5 minutes, makes virtually no noise, has a top speed of 50 mph and a range of 100 miles.

Suzuki Burgman fuel cell scooter

Following on from the success of the ENV, the Suzuki Burgman fuel cell was first presented at the 2009 Tokyo Motor Show, the city friendly Burgman Fuel Cell Scooter builds upon the success of the Crosscage fuel cell motorbike unveiled in 2007. The Fuel Cell Burgman takes the next step towards offering cleaner, more efficient motorcycles in a practical and accessible form with the potential to significantly reduce emissions around the world.

The scooter is equipped with the latest version of Intelligent Energy’s unique and proprietary air-cooled, clean fuel cell power systems and is fuelled from a cylinder of hydrogen, which can be re-fuelled in a few minutes and gives a riding range of 350km comparable to a conventional Burgman scooter.

For more information on the Burgman please view the attached case study. Burgman Case Study

Zero emissions London taxi

Intelligent Energy, Lotus Engineering, LTI Vehicles and TRW Conekt, with funding from the UK Government’s Technology Strategy Board, have unveiled a full performance, zero-emissions Fuel Cell Hybrid London taxi.

While the taxi looks and drives like an iconic London black cab, the Fuel Cell Black Cab is powered by an Intelligent Energy hydrogen fuel cell system hybridised with lithium polymer batteries; allowing the vehicle to operate for a full day without the need for refuelling. Capable of achieving a top speed of over 80 mph, it has a range of more than 250 miles on a full tank of hydrogen, refuels in about 5 minutes and produces no emissions other than water vapour.

**(But for the motive power application instead of internal combustion engines,storage of pure hydrogen is still a problem to overcome. Because,liquid H2 storage is a big deal in the aspect of thermodynamics)



The aviation industry

is under intense environmental scrutiny, both for what it emits into the atmosphere while aircraft are in flight but also for emissions associated with airports. The world aircraft fleet is expected to double in size by 2020, and pressure on the industry to clean up its act has never been greater.

Aerospace
Although the amount the aviation industry contributes to man made CO2 has been relatively small (<5%), the size of the worldwide fleet is set to double by 2020. In Europe, the amount of CO2 emissions generated by aviation is set to increase by about 70% by 2050. Whereas passenger airliners will continue to use engine technologies for primary power, there is much that could be done in other areas to increase efficiency and improve the environmental performance of the aviation industry.

With high efficiencies and zero to low emissions, fuel cells are an emerging technology that can lead to a cleaner and less wasteful aviation future. This technology was proven in the skies in early 2008 with the world’s first manned fuel cell flight, powered by an Intelligent Energy fuel cell system. They will be applied to secondary power generating systems such as on-board auxiliary power units (APUs) for large commercial airplanes and as the main propulsion systems for small manned aircraft and a whole range of differing sizes of UAVs (unmanned air vehicles), where their very low noise levels and insignificant infrared (IR) signatures makes them particularly attractive for surveillance flights.

Defence
PEM fuel cells are under consideration for a wide range of military applications, including battery replacement for the dismounted soldier, portable battery chargers, tactical quiet generators, APUs in armoured vehicles, UAV power trains and air independent propulsion systems in submarines (already is service with the German and Italian navies).

Increased efficiency and reduced emissions are important in defence applications, but some other fuel cell characteristics also add to their appeal – fewer moving parts and low operating temperatures result in quieter power and reduced infra-red signatures. PEM fuel cells offer the potential to greatly increase stealth.

Intelligent Energy has a range of solutions for the aerospace and defence market, from fuel desulphurisation and distributed hydrogen generation to fuel cell power systems to provide portable, distributed, on-board and motive power.
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1)http://www.intelligent-energy.com
2)http://www.ballard.com