Istanbul / New channel project // Hydrogen Energy

April 2011, PM Erdoğan publicly announced the details of his long-anticipated crazy project,Kanal İstanbul, saying the government would create a new Bosporus in İstanbul.

The İstanbul Strait will become the world’s most important center of hydrogen energy if the construction of a second canal that has been publicized by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as a “crazy project” actually happens.

If the tankers use the canal for transportation, the traffic in the Bosporus will be minimized, and the sea flow in the strait will be used for the generation of hydrogen energy. Before the announcement of the Kanal İstanbul project, the International Center for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (ICHET) founded by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in Turkey in 2003 was planning to generate electrical energy out of the flow in the Bosporus. However, the project was never implemented because of the heavy traffic in the Bosporus and a lack of infrastructure. In case the project is actually implemented, UNIDO-ICHET will station a turbine on a submarine in Arnavutköy-İstanbul to start generation of electricity. The center authorities who concluded that the magnitude of the undersea flow is sufficient for generation of electricity will produce 20 kilowatts of electricity by a generator to be installed on a platform in the strait. The turbine that will generate electricity will produce energy out of the flow eight meters below the surface. Subsequent to the move of the traffic load to Kanal İstanbul, the project will be fully implemented for effective use of the flow. During the initial stages, electrical energy will be generated out of the undersea flow from the Black Sea to the Marmara Sea along the Bosporus Strait. By using this energy, the seawater purified of ions will be electrolyzed to produce hydrogen. The generated hydrogen will be stored under heavy pressure. The high-pressure hydrogen will be used as fuel in an internal combustion engine to produce mechanical energy that will be transformed into electrical energy for future use. On the other hand, the high-pressure hydrogen will also be filled in tanks for end-use. Use of this sort of energy will help combat environmental degradation because it does not produce exhaust gas. The biggest handicap with hydrogen energy despite it being renewable, sustainable and highly efficient as well as environment-friendly is lack of the necessary technological infrastructure, and its excessive cost. Current projections note that Europe will completely abandon oil and natural gas as energy sources and embrace hydrogen energy in 2030, whereas this will be the case in the entire world by 2070. Turkey believes that it seized a chance to become a world center of hydrogen energy after the making of a deal envisaging establishment of an international center for hydrogen energy technologies in Turkey in Vienna in 2003. The UN picked Turkey over China, Japan, Canada and Norway as the host country of the center in 2004; the center has done remarkable work to fulfill its mandate over the past years. The center, which was assigned the task to ensure information flow between developing and developed countries in respect to the development of hydrogen technologies, install pilot facilities operable by hydrogen energy, identify hydrogen energy policies and produce fuel batteries and deal with environmental affairs, storage techniques, transport systems and applications for vehicles, has successfully completed some pilot projects so far. The center, set to implement a hydrogen-run three-wheel vehicle project in India, a hydrogen island project, hydrogen-run marine vehicle project in Turkey and production of hydrogen out of solar energy project in Libya, seems to have made visible progress in respect to hydrogen technology and storage. One of the biggest projects of the center was launched on Feb 16. ICHET decided to launch the first hydrogen filling facility in Eyüp-Feshane. A hydrogen filling station that generates hydrogen by use of electrolysis, a first in Turkey, will be constructed by Hydrogenics, a leading company in the sector specialized in generation of hydrogen and fuel cells. Turkey’s first hydrogen filling station will meet the fuel needs of the land and sea vehicles. The station, the only station in the world that will offer hydrogen filling services for both land and sea vehicles, will also address the needs of special vehicles operated by hydrogen technology. The hydrogen filling operation will be performed under 350 bar pressure. After the launch of the station, Turkey will become one of the countries with a hydrogen station in Europe after Norway, Iceland and Germany. ICHET also placed orders for bus and automobiles for use in the hydrogen station that will be in service by the end of 2011. The first tender will be held in the days to come. On the other hand, the first hydrogen-run boat in Turkey is being constructed in the Tuzla shipyards. The project, ordered by Istanbul Seabus Enterprise (IDO), is being implemented jointly with Istanbul University. Further: +The project attracts attention of Japanese and Korean firms Turkey’s works on hydrogen energy has attracted a great deal of attention from countries in the Far East. Japanese automobile firm Mazda has decided to introduce its RX-8 Hydrogen RE cars, offered for sale in Europe last month, to the Turkish market. Hyundai also reportedly is getting ready to offer its Tucson cars for sale in Turkey. Reports also indicate that the authorities are holding meetings and negotiations with some firms in Hungary for purchase of hydrogen-operated buses that will be mainly used at the airports. The center’s ambitious projects include meeting the energy needs of an entire island using hydrogen technology, as 1,000 houses in Bozcaada will be heated and illuminated by hydrogen energy, while 60 vehicles on the island will also use hydrogen for fuel. A similar project will be implemented on Sedef Island as well. Another project will ensure that the entire energy needs of a hospital in Ankara are met by hydrogen energy. Within the project, hydrogen energy will be used for all battery-operated wheelchairs. Moreover, hydrogen technology will be used as source of fuel for information-based sectors because of its ability to provide uninterrupted energy. ++Boron for storage safety UNIDO-ICHET also launched joint projects with the Turkish Boron Institute to minimize the danger associated with the storage of hydrogen energy. To this end, boron will be used as a hydrogen carrier. When used in the vehicles, hydrogen remains under 350 bar pressure. This poses a great danger for vehicles; for this reason, this project was drafted for implementation jointly with the Boron Institute. The boron is able to store hydrogen in the form of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). This way, it becomes possible to use hydrogen by reliance on a simple chemical process.

FCell

http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/video.php?file=398

A perfect draft ::Hybrid System Usage on Natural gas pipeline

http://enbridge.rawintegrated.com/hybrid/hybrid_complete.html

Water fuel cell

Close future of Energy via Fuel Cell/Hydrogen Technology

""
The growth of the renewable and sustainable energy sectors will be a key feature of the coming years. However, the global economy is still a fossil fuel based economy.

It is vital to move to a more diverse energy mix while making the best and cleanest use of existing fuels.

Energy diversification
In a climate of declining supply, booming global demand and politically volatility, a more versatile alternative to energy supply and security has many advantages. Hydrogen offers the potential to decouple the geopolitics of fuel supply from growing energy demand. It can also play a key role in reducing our reliance on diminished supplies of fossil fuels, as hydrogen can be produced from a diverse range of sources. These include conventional hydrocarbons, biofuels, and as a byproduct of the chemical industry. Hydrogen can also be produced cleanly from the electrolysis of water using electricity from renewable or nuclear sources. In short, hydrogen can help to ensure that supply diversity is energy security.

Intelligent Energy is developing a range of clean fuel processing technologies to be key transition assets in the move to a more diverse range of energy sources, which can co-exist alongside hydrocarbons for the provision of energy in the 21st century.

Distributed generation of hydrogen
Producing hydrogen from a range of fuels on-site, where it is required for refuelling or power provision has the advantage of allowing energy suppliers to make maximum use of their existing fuelling infrastructures. They are able to offer hydrogen to their customers without the need for the high capital expenditure associated with central generation and pipeline construction costs.
This removes the need for the high capital expenditure associated with central generation and pipeline construction costs. Rather than replacing petrol stations with hydrogen refueling stations, or constructing thousands of miles of hydrogen conveyor pipelines, hydrogen will be generated at the point of dispensation from an existing fuel, such as diesel, natural gas or bio-fuel, using small reformer based hydrogen generators.

Distributed power generation & portable power



""Intelligent Energy has developed fuel processing, hydrogen generation and fuel cell power systems for a diverse range of distributed and portable applications.

Power demand is inextricably linked with increased economic activity. Meeting the global challenge of reducing CO2 emissions requires a shift to cleaner and more efficient power generating technologies across all sectors. For example, up to 65% of the fuel used by large power generating plants is wasted due to a combination of inefficient energy conversion and power-line losses.
Today, the power sector is responsible for 40% of global CO2 emissions, with electricity demand predicted to more than double by 2050. It is also estimated that $22 trillion of cumulative investment will be required in new plant and grid infrastructure to meet global demand for electricity by 2030.

Distributed generation (DG) is defined as electricity production that is on-site or close to the point of use. DG uses small-scale power generation technologies, typically in the range 1kW to 10,000kWs. The advantages of DG lie in the fact that transmission losses are avoided as is large capital expense, the power generated is targeted at the user and system size can be closely matched to the particular power requirement.

Here is the Ballard energy's spesific example of electricity production through H2 by product from existing Chlor Alkali plant.
There are fuel cell models 1 MW - 7 MW depending on the needs and H2 feed amount.





When used in DG applications, and particularly in CHP (combined heat and power) mode, fuel cells have the potential to save energy and reduce emissions. They could also, as hydrogen can be produced from a wide range of sources, help address energy shortage issues through energy diversity. In addition, fuel cells either are or have the potential to be quieter, more reliable, and have lower maintenance costs than most technologies used for DG.



fuel flexible hydrogen generators for distributed generation and portable power applications are designed to convert both existing fossil fuels and bio-fuels into hydrogen at the point of use. Hydrogen generated where it is required minimizes new infrastructure cost by maximizing the use of existing fuel supply infrastructure assets.

oday there are over 800 million vehicles in the world, with the number expected to reach two billion by 2050. The transportation sector accounts for 19% of global CO2 emissions and is the fastest growing contributor to man-made atmospheric CO2 . In addition it also responsible for much of the poor air quality now seen in many of the world’s population centres.

There is a clear need for a cleaner, practical alternative to the internal combustion engine to power our vehicles, and the alternative, according the vast majority of the worlds major automakers will be the PEM fuel cell. PEM fuel cells in a hybrid electric configuration are viewed as a highly efficient powertrain offering practical driving ranges, with much reduced overall emissions and producing no harmful emissions whatsoever at the tail-pipe.



Fuel cell technology in the motive power market


Intelligent Energy fuel cell power systems designed for a wide range of motive power applications, providing propulsion, battery charging or on-board auxiliary power. Our partners in the motive field include PSA Peugeot Citroën,Prodrive, Bosch, Lotus, TRW, LTI and The Suzuki Motor Corporation.

Fuel cells are power dense, robust and capable of operation in a wide range of environmental temperatures. They have been designed with mass manufacturability as a priority, use practical and economical fabrication materials and utilise proprietary designs that reduce system size and component count to a minimum.

Our systems have been designed with automotive cold start and operation particularly in mind and our EC systems are presently capable of reaching full power at -20oC in less than two minutes.

ENV

Intelligent Energy developed the multi award winning ENV, the world’s first purpose built hydrogen fuel cell motorbike. The ENV is fueled by pure hydrogen and the only emission it produces is pure water. It can be refilled with hydrogen in less than 5 minutes, makes virtually no noise, has a top speed of 50 mph and a range of 100 miles.

Suzuki Burgman fuel cell scooter

Following on from the success of the ENV, the Suzuki Burgman fuel cell was first presented at the 2009 Tokyo Motor Show, the city friendly Burgman Fuel Cell Scooter builds upon the success of the Crosscage fuel cell motorbike unveiled in 2007. The Fuel Cell Burgman takes the next step towards offering cleaner, more efficient motorcycles in a practical and accessible form with the potential to significantly reduce emissions around the world.

The scooter is equipped with the latest version of Intelligent Energy’s unique and proprietary air-cooled, clean fuel cell power systems and is fuelled from a cylinder of hydrogen, which can be re-fuelled in a few minutes and gives a riding range of 350km comparable to a conventional Burgman scooter.

For more information on the Burgman please view the attached case study. Burgman Case Study

Zero emissions London taxi

Intelligent Energy, Lotus Engineering, LTI Vehicles and TRW Conekt, with funding from the UK Government’s Technology Strategy Board, have unveiled a full performance, zero-emissions Fuel Cell Hybrid London taxi.

While the taxi looks and drives like an iconic London black cab, the Fuel Cell Black Cab is powered by an Intelligent Energy hydrogen fuel cell system hybridised with lithium polymer batteries; allowing the vehicle to operate for a full day without the need for refuelling. Capable of achieving a top speed of over 80 mph, it has a range of more than 250 miles on a full tank of hydrogen, refuels in about 5 minutes and produces no emissions other than water vapour.

**(But for the motive power application instead of internal combustion engines,storage of pure hydrogen is still a problem to overcome. Because,liquid H2 storage is a big deal in the aspect of thermodynamics)



The aviation industry

is under intense environmental scrutiny, both for what it emits into the atmosphere while aircraft are in flight but also for emissions associated with airports. The world aircraft fleet is expected to double in size by 2020, and pressure on the industry to clean up its act has never been greater.

Aerospace
Although the amount the aviation industry contributes to man made CO2 has been relatively small (<5%), the size of the worldwide fleet is set to double by 2020. In Europe, the amount of CO2 emissions generated by aviation is set to increase by about 70% by 2050. Whereas passenger airliners will continue to use engine technologies for primary power, there is much that could be done in other areas to increase efficiency and improve the environmental performance of the aviation industry.

With high efficiencies and zero to low emissions, fuel cells are an emerging technology that can lead to a cleaner and less wasteful aviation future. This technology was proven in the skies in early 2008 with the world’s first manned fuel cell flight, powered by an Intelligent Energy fuel cell system. They will be applied to secondary power generating systems such as on-board auxiliary power units (APUs) for large commercial airplanes and as the main propulsion systems for small manned aircraft and a whole range of differing sizes of UAVs (unmanned air vehicles), where their very low noise levels and insignificant infrared (IR) signatures makes them particularly attractive for surveillance flights.

Defence
PEM fuel cells are under consideration for a wide range of military applications, including battery replacement for the dismounted soldier, portable battery chargers, tactical quiet generators, APUs in armoured vehicles, UAV power trains and air independent propulsion systems in submarines (already is service with the German and Italian navies).

Increased efficiency and reduced emissions are important in defence applications, but some other fuel cell characteristics also add to their appeal – fewer moving parts and low operating temperatures result in quieter power and reduced infra-red signatures. PEM fuel cells offer the potential to greatly increase stealth.

Intelligent Energy has a range of solutions for the aerospace and defence market, from fuel desulphurisation and distributed hydrogen generation to fuel cell power systems to provide portable, distributed, on-board and motive power.
""

1)http://www.intelligent-energy.com
2)http://www.ballard.com

Fuel cell ve Hidrojen teknolojisi temel kavramlar

özet:

""fuel cell

bir yakitin içindeki kimyasal enerjiyi direk elektrik enerjisine çeviren araçtir. temel olarak hidrojen ve oksjeni bir araya getirerek su, elektrik ve isi üretir. halihazirda bes* farkli cesidi vardir ve bunlar gerek çalisma sicakliklari, gerek büyüklük/tasinabilirlikleri, gerekse kullandiklari yakit bakimindan farklilik gösterse de genel çalisma prensipleri aynidir. fuel cell ile 25 wattan, birkaç megawatta kadar güç üretilebilir. tasimacilikta, isi-enerji üretiminde kullanilirlar.

otomobil uygulamalarinda çokluk kullanilan cesidi pem (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell olarak adlandirilir. yakit olarak hidrojen kullanir. temiz ve verimli bir enerji üretimi saglar. ancak kullanimi ile ilgili en önemli sorunlardan birisi, yakitin, yani hidrojenin temin edilmesidir. hidrojen için bir dagitim hatti kurmak ne kadar zorsa, yüksek basinçli kaplarda hidrojeni depolamak da o kadar tehlikelidir. bu yüzden çalismalar daha çok hidrojenin araç üzerinde üretimini mümkün kilan reaktörler üzerinde yogunlasmistir. bu reaktörlerde, kolay temin edilebilecek bir hidrokarbon (örnegin metan, metanol, propan, bütan, bunlarin karisimlari lpg, dogalgaz vb vb) bir takim kimyasal reaksiyonlardan geçirilir ve nihai olarak hidrojen elde edilir. bu da direk fuel cell'e beslenir.

üzerinde yogun arastirmalar yapilsa da yaygin kullanim için henüz üretim maliyetleri hayli yüksektir. bu da bir taraftan ihtiyaç duyulan kimi alt parçalarin üretiminin son derece zor ve pahali olmasindan, bir taraftan da platin, altin gibi pahali madenlerin kullanilmak zorunda olmasindan kaynaklaniyor.

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geleceğin arabalarının enerji kaynağı. yakıt hücresi tahrik sağlamaz aksine tahrik gücü sağlar yani elektriği. hidrojenin katalizörler vasıtası ile mikro bazda yanması sonucu elektrik üretir.

carnot çevrimine tabii olan içten yanmalı motorların verimleri 25 %’ in altındadır. ayrıca içten yanmalı motor kullanan taşıtlarda kullanılan vites kutusu da verim kaybının diğer bir sebebidir. eğer içten yanmalı motor yerine hidrojen ile çalışan yakıt hücresinin beslediği yüksek verimli elektrik motoru kullanılırsa bugünden 40 %’ ın üzerinde verimler elde etmek mümkünken, araştırmalar verimin gelecekte 60 %’ a kadar çıkabileceğini göstermekte.

yakıt hücreleri, elektroliz işlemini ters yönde gerçekleştirerek, oksijen ile hidrojenin reaksiyonundan elektrik üretirler. ilk defa 1836 yılında prensibi bulunmasına rağmen, ilk yakıt hücresinin üretilmesi 1960 yılını buldu. bu gecikmenin ana sebebi hidrojen ve oksijen gazını reaksiyon arayüzeyinden elektronları çekebilecek bir elktrodun bulunamamış olmasıydı. bu elektrot sayesinde elektronlar hidrojen atomundan sökülüp dışarıda söz gelimi bir elektrik motorunun ve diğer devre elemanlarının üzerinden geçtikten sonra oksijen tarafına geçmesi olanaklı hale gelmiştir. öte yandan saf hidrojen ve oksijeni tarafını ayıran proton değişim membranı (pem) sadece elektronlarını kaybetmiş hidrojenin karşı tarafa geçmesine izin vererek orada bulunan oksijen ve devreyi dolaşıp gelen kendi elektronları ile birleşerek su buharı oluştururlar. bu işlemin düşük sıcaklıkta gerçekleşmesi için katalizör kullanılır. böylece normalde patlamalı olarak gerçekleşecek olan bu reaksiyon düşük sıcaklıkta ve sakin olarak gerçekleşir.

yakıt hücreleri (pem), 0,6 ve 0,7 v arasında gerilim üretebilirler. özgül güçleri, 1 w/cm2 civarında olup, eşdeğeri 120 w/kg ‘ dır. yakıt hücrelerinin verimi 40 % ile 65 % arasında değişir. özgül enerjileri araç üzerinde depolanan hidrojene bağlıdır. bu sebep ile yakıt hücresi kullanan taşıtların menzili üzerlerinde depolayabildikleri hidrojen miktarına bağlıdır. hidrojenin özgül enerjisinin düşük olması yani düşük basınçlarda çok hacimli olması, hidrojenin yüksek basınçlar altında depolanmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. hidrojeni söz konusu yüksek basınçlara sıkıştırmak bir miktar verim kaybına sebep olduğu ve güvenlik sorunlarına sebep olduğu için, hidrojeni karbon liflerine emdirilmiş halde ya da sodyum bor hidrit halinde saklamak diğer alternatiflerdir. bor madeninin geleceğin otomobillerinin enerji kaynağı olacağı safsatası da buradan çıkmaktadır. hidrojenin bu şekilde depolanması durumunda saf hidrojen elde etmek için söz konusu bileşiğin bir çeviriciden geçirilmesi şarttır.

ayrıca araçlarda yakıt hücresi kullanılması durumunda, bu araçlara hidrojenin ekonomik ve pratik bir şekilde sağlanması gerekir. bütün bu organizasyon ve yeterli hidrojen üretimi için ek yatırımlar yapılmalıdır. bütün bu maliyetler ve yakıt hücresi kullanan taşıtların yüksek maliyetleri göz önüne alındığında yakıt hücrelerinin bu yatırıma değecek kadar ek konfor ve yakıt ekonomisi sağlaması gerekmektedir.

bütün bu gerçeklerin yanında hidrojenin üretimi esnasında, olası emisyonların bu araçların sıfır emisyonlu olmadıkları iddialarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. hidrojenin olası elde etme yöntemleri arasında maliyeti en düşük olan yöntem fosil yakıtlardan hidrojenin sökülmesidir. fakat böyle bir yola gidilirse, co ve co2 emisyonları, bu değişim araç üzerinde veya dışında nerede yapılırsa yapılsın, oluşacaktır. bu araçlar eğer hidrojenin, suyun elektrolizi vasıtasıyla üretilmesi durumunda gerçek sıfır emisyona yaklaşırlar.

herhangi bir ülke, nükleer santraller kurarak elektrik üretir ve ürettiği elektrik ile suyun elektrolizi yolu ile hidrojen üretip, otomobillerde kullanırsa çevreye en az zarar veren enerji sistemini kurmuş olur. bu sistemin en büyük riski nükleer risk olup, her gün otomobiller tarafından yayılan emisyon yanında kabul edilebilir bir risktir.

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bir gramındaki yanma enerjisi 130 kilo joule (kj) olan,elektrolizle eldesi için en az 1/0,94 katı, yani 138,3 kj enerji gerektiren madde.""

electric cars-- in-wheel motor--lithium ion battery--fuel cell/hybrid based power

In-wheel motor: is an electric motor that is incorporated into a hub of a wheel and drives it directly.
The advantage of in-wheel motor makes it possible to regulate drive torque and braking force independently at each wheel without the need for any transmission, drive shaft or other complex mechanical components.

"The fact that the drive system is housed inside the wheel itself offers significantly greater design freedom and also makes it easier to locate such space-consuming components as the battery system, fuel cell stacks and hydrogen tanks used in hybrid and fuel cell vehicles.

Lithium-ion battery technology offers superior specific energy, specific power, and life over other types of rechargeable batteries and as such is expected to contribute to higher top speeds, extended cruising ranges and to greater weight reductions in vehicles' body.

Mitsubishi Motors was one of the first automakers to start research into and development of the electric vehicle as an alternative fuel vehicle. In recent years, the company has turned its attention to the practical application of high-performance lithium-ion battery power to propel EV 8electric vehicle).

Exploiting the benefits of lithium-ion battery and in-wheel motor technology, the MIEV concept opens up new possibilities in terms of alternative fuel vehicle development. As well as seeking further possibilities for the EV, Mitsubishi Motors is also looking at the application of the MIEV concept to hybrid and fuel cell vehicles.



The main concept benefits:
(1) In-wheel motor
I. Further evolution of all-wheel control technology
A major benefit of the in-wheel motor is that it enables drive torque and braking force to be regulated with high precision on an individual wheel basis in both two- and four-wheel drive systems without requiring transmissions, drive shafts, differential gears or other complex and heavy components. The in-wheel motor therefore holds great promise in terms of the contribution to the further evolution of Mitsubishi's all-wheel control technology that enjoys high critical acclaim on such production models as the Lancer Evolution and Pajero.
II. Greater freedom in layout design
Housing the drive system in the wheels gives greater freedom in designing the layout. This will facilitate the conversion of IC engine-powered vehicles into hybrid vehicles without requiring the introduction of complex hybrid power systems. It will also make it easier to provide room for space-consuming components such as fuel cell stacks and hydrogen tanks in fuel cell vehicles. The space-saving benefits of the in-wheel motors also offer exciting possibilities in terms of body design. Designers will be able to create innovative exteriors, improve dynamic performance through weight distribution optimization, provide roomier interior space and improve crash worthiness through optimization of the structural framework.

(2) Lithium-ion battery
Lithium-ion battery technology offers advantages of specific energy, specific power, and life over other types of rechargeable batteries. Mitsubishi Motors has already built several test vehicles using lithium-ion battery systems, including the Mitsubishi HEV in 1996, the FTO-EV in 1998 and the Eclipse EV in 2000. The FTO-EV set a multiple-charge 24-hour distance world record on a proving ground, while the Eclipse EV covered over 400 km on public roads on a single battery charge."



drive train,chassis,weight lightening,mechanism-concept details

Basic emission ratios of various engines

Source: Indian National Institute

How does a fuel cell work?

The basic mechanism of a proton membrane exchange Fuel Cell



It is an electrochemical energy converter that converts chemical energy of fuel into DC electricity.

a process of conventional electricity generation from fuels involves several energy conversion steps, namely:
1. combustion of fuel converts chemical energy of fuel into heat,
2. this heat is then used to boil water and generate steam,
3. steam is used to run a turbine in a process that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy, and finally
4. mechanical energy is used to run a generator that generates electricity.

Basically,a fuel cell intercombines all these processes and generates electricity in a single step without involving any moving parts.
Moreover,Fuel cells are unlike conventional internal combustion engine, higher efficiencies are achievable as they do not suffer from Carnot’s limitations.

In the aspect of project realization and application,two of the fundamental problems are how to store hydrogen in the storage tank and the emission ratio to Nature during production of hydrogen?

A hybrid model with a small gasoline engine + fuel cell

BMW made quite easygoing,slightly environment concerned car design. Have a look,ciao .)

http://www.alternativeenergynewswire.com/bmw-technik-working-on-hybrid-fuel-cell-1-series-concept-2